Theodor Kocher (1841-1917) and his outstanding contributions to surgery

Theodor Kocher (1841-1917), an exceptional Swiss surgeon who described a technique for the safe removal of enlarged thyroid unraveled the true function of this endocrine gland but also made significant contributions to many other fields of surgery. Kocher was the first surgeon awarded the Nobel prize in Physiology and Medicine in 1909 for his work on the physiology, pathology, and surgery of the thyroid gland. He was professor and clinical director at Insel Hospital during 45 years. Kocher created the prominent Surgeon's School in Bern. He was the first president of the International Society of Surgery in 1903 and the founding president of the Swiss Society of Surgery in 1913.

Theodor Kocher (1841-1917), excepcional cirujano suizo que describió una técnica para la extirpación segura del agrandamiento del tiroides y desentrañó la verdadera función de esta glándula endocrina, pero también hizo importantes aportaciones a muchos otros campos de la cirugía. Kocher fue el primer cirujano galardonado con el premio Nobel de Fisiología y Medicina en 1909 por sus trabajos sobre la fisiología, patología y cirugía de la glándula tiroides. Fue profesor y director clínico del Hospital Insel durante 45 años. Kocher creó la destacada Escuela de Cirujanos de Berna. Fue el primer presidente de la Sociedad Internacional de Cirugía en 1903 y el presidente fundador de la Sociedad Suiza de Cirugía en 1913.

Louis Farabeuf (1841-1910): Anatomist and inventor of surgical procedures and instruments.

Louis Hubert Farabeuf (1841-1910) was a reformer of clinical, surgical, and topographic human anatomy studies during the second half of the 19th century. Over 30 years as a professor of Anatomy, Farabeuf wrote outstanding anatomical textbooks. As the head of Anatomic Studies in the Faculty of Medicine in Paris, he succeeded in leading a profound restructuring of the way anatomy and surgery were taught. As a result of his work and research, several anatomical terms, clinical signs, and surgical instruments were named after him. For his outstanding career in anatomy, he was elected to the Academy of Medicine in 1897.

George W. Crile (1864-1943); excepcional cirurgião americano / George W. Crile (1864-1943); excepcional cirujano estadounidense / George W. Crile (1864-1943); exceptional American surgeon

George W. Crile (1864-1943); excepcional cirurgião americano, que serviu no Corpo Médico do Exército durante a Guerra Hispano-Americana. Durante a Primeira Guerra Mundial, foi diretor cirúrgico do American Ambulance Hospital em Neuilly, na França. Ajudou fundar o American College of Surgeons em 1913, foi membro e diretor não apenas dessa organização, mas também da American Medical Association, da American Surgical Association, da Royal Academy of Surgeons e da Royal Academy of Medicine (Reino Unido). Em 1921, foi cofundador da Cleveland Clinic em Cleveland, Ohio, EUA. Foi um importante médico cujas pesquisas e escritos incluíam choque cirúrgico, função glandular, pressão arterial e transfusões, neurose de guerra e os efeitos da cirurgia em tempos de guerra. Ele também foi um cirurgião extraordinário e prolífico que introduziu inovações no tratamento cirúrgico de muitas patologias. Embora sua pesquisa tenha sido publicada há muito tempo, suas contribuições para a medicina continuam sendo fundamentais para a prática clínica nas salas de cirurgia e unidades de terapia intensiva atuais.

George W. Crile (1864-1943) fue un excepcional cirujano estadounidense que sirvió en el Cuerpo Médico del Ejército durante la Guerra Hispanoamericana. Durante la Primera Guerra Mundial fue director quirúrgico del American Ambulance Hospital de Neuilly (Francia). Ayudó a fundar el Colegio Americano de Cirujanos en 1913 y fue miembro y director no sólo de esta organización, sino también de la Asociación Médica Americana, la Asociación Quirúrgica Americana, la Real Academia de Cirujanos y la Real Academia de Medicina (Reino Unido). En 1921 fue cofundador de la Cleveland Clinic de Cleveland (Ohio, EE.UU.). Fue un importante médico cuyas investigaciones y escritos abarcaron el shock quirúrgico, la función glandular, la presión arterial y las transfusiones, la neurosis de guerra y los efectos de la cirugía en tiempos de guerra. También fue un cirujano extraordinario y prolífico que introdujo innovaciones en el tratamiento quirúrgico de muchas patologías. Aunque sus investigaciones se publicaron hace mucho tiempo, sus aportaciones a la medicina siguen siendo fundamentales para la práctica clínica en los quirófanos y unidades de cuidados intensivos actuales.

George W. Crile (1864-1943) was an exceptional American surgeon who served in the Army Medical Corps during the Spanish-American War. During the First World War, he was surgical director of the American Ambulance Hospital in Neuilly, France. He helped found the American College of Surgeons in 1913 and was a member and director not only of this organization, but also of the American Medical Association, the American Surgical Association, the Royal Academy of Surgeons and the Royal Academy of Medicine (UK). In 1921, he co-founded the Cleveland Clinic in Cleveland, Ohio, USA. He was an important physician whose research and writings included surgical shock, glandular function, blood pressure and transfusions, war neurosis and the effects of wartime surgery. He was also an extraordinary and prolific surgeon who introduced innovations in the surgical treatment of many pathologies. Although his research was published long ago, his contributions to medicine remain fundamental to clinical practice in today's operating rooms and intensive care units.

La Evolución en los Estudios Anatómicos en Venezuela durante el Siglo XIX

Resumen Para Venezuela el siglo XIX representó una época de reformas socio-económicas y políticas, complicadas en guerras y revoluciones. En esta circunstancia, el crecimiento de la actividad económica fue lento e inconstante. Los estándares de vida de la población apenas superaron el nivel de subsistencia, con un déficit persistente en el gasto educativo. En circunstancias adversas, la reforma en los estudios anatómicos en Venezuela durante el siglo XIX, se desarrolló en buena parte a la constante labor de un conjunto de perseverantes anatomistas venezolanos. Entre ellos destaca José María Vargas, reformador de los estudios médicos, quien escribió en 1838 Curso de Lecciones y demostraciones Anatómicas, el primer libro en esta materia impreso en Venezuela.

Abstract For Venezuela, the 19th century represented a time of socio-economic and political reforms, complicated by wars and revolutions. Under these circumstances, the growth of economic activity was slow and inconsistent. The living standards of the population were barely above subsistence level, with a persistent deficit in educational spending. In adverse circumstances, the reform in anatomical studies in Venezuela during the 19th century developed largely due to the constant work of a group of perseverant Venezuelan anatomists. Among them, José María Vargas, reformer of medical studies, who wrote in 1838 "Curso de Lecciones y demostraciones Anatómicas", the first book on this subject printed in Venezuela.

Humberto Fernández-Morán (1924-1999) a pioneer in electron ultra-cryomicroscopy / Humberto Fernández-Morán (1924-1999) pionero en ultracriomicroscopía electrónica

SUMMARY: Humberto Fernández-Morán (1924-1999) a Venezuelan physician and biophysicist research, who developed the diamond knife. Furthermore he focused on improving the mechanical performance, accuracy and reliability of mocrotomes and ultramicrotomes which significantly advanced the development of electromagnetic lenses for electron microscopy based on superconducting technology. Promoter and founded of the Venezuelan Institute for Neurological and Brain Studies. He was a pioneer in electron ultra-cryomicroscopy field. Fernández-Morán taught and researched in University of Stockholm, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Harvard University, Massachussetts General Hospital and the University of Chicago. He worked with NASA for the Apollo project in the field of physic-chemical analysis of lunar rocks.

RESUMEN: Humberto Fernández-Morán (1924-1999) médico venezolano e investigador biofísico, quien desarrolló el cuchillo de diamante. Además, se centró en mejorar el rendimiento mecánico, la precisión y la fiabilidad de los micrótomos y ultramicrótomos, lo que avanzó significativamente en el desarrollo de lentes electromagnéticos para microscopía electrónica basados en tecnología superconductora. Promotor y fundador del Instituto Venezolano de Estudios Neurológicos y Cerebrales. Fue pionero en el campo de la ultracriomicroscopía electrónica. Fernández-Morán enseñó e investigó en la Universidad de Estocolmo, el Instituto Tecnológico de Massachusetts, la Universidad de Harvard, el Hospital General de Massachussets y la Universidad de Chicago. Trabajó con la NASA para el proyecto Apollo en el campo del análisis físico-químico de rocas lunares.

Human anatomical dissection takes a compulsory break during covid-19 pandemic / La disección en Anatomía Humana toma un descanso obligatorio durante la pandemia de Covid-19

The outbreak of the coronavirus effects on people's daily lives. Like nothing most people have experienced before, one of the many affected sectors is education. In response to Covid-19 pandemic, medical education faculty have quickly transitioned the curriculum to online formats. But no matter the quality of the online resource, do not provide the same level of understanding of complex anatomical relationships as studying human bodies. Under restriction of social isolation because of Covid-19 pandemic, human anatomical dissection takes a compulsory break. Afterward students will come back to their essential training in dissection room.

El brote de coronavirus ha tenido efectos en la vida diaria de las personas de una forma en que la mayoría de las personas no había experimentado. Uno de los muchos sectores afectados es la educación, a consecuencia de la pandemia, las facultades de medicina han debido adaptar sus planes de estudio a formatos en línea. Independiente de la calidad de los recursos informáticos, éstos no brindan el mismo nivel de comprensión de las relaciones anatómicas complejas que el estudio directo de cuerpos humanos. Bajo la restricción del aislamiento social debido a la pandemia de Covid-19, la disección anatómica humana toma un descanso obligatorio. Posteriormente, los estudiantes volverán a su formación básica en la sala de disección.

Perspectives and Consensus among International Orthopaedic Surgeons during Initial and Mid-lockdown Phases of Coronavirus Disease.

With a lot of uncertainty, unclear, and frequently changing management protocols, COVID-19 has significantly impacted the orthopaedic surgical practice during this pandemic crisis. Surgeons around the world needed closed introspection, contemplation, and prospective consensual recommendations for safe surgical practice and prevention of viral contamination. One hundred orthopaedic surgeons from 50 countries were sent a Google online form with a questionnaire explicating protocols for admission, surgeries, discharge, follow-up, relevant information affecting their surgical practices, difficulties faced, and many more important issues that happened during and after the lockdown. Ten surgeons critically construed and interpreted the data to form rationale guidelines and recommendations. Of the total, hand and microsurgery surgeons (52%), trauma surgeons (32%), joint replacement surgeons (20%), and arthroscopy surgeons (14%) actively participated in the survey. Surgeons from national public health care/government college hospitals (44%) and private/semiprivate practitioners (54%) were involved in the study. Countries had lockdown started as early as January 3, 2020 with the implementation of partial or complete lifting of lockdown in few countries while writing this article. Surgeons (58%) did not stop their surgical practice or clinics but preferred only emergency cases during the lockdown. Most of the surgeons (49%) had three-fourths reduction in their total patients turn-up and the remaining cases were managed by conservative (54%) methods. There was a 50 to 75% reduction in the number of surgeries. Surgeons did perform emergency procedures without COVID-19 tests but preferred reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR; 77%) and computed tomography (CT) scan chest (12%) tests for all elective surgical cases. Open fracture and emergency procedures (60%) and distal radius (55%) fractures were the most commonly performed surgeries. Surgeons preferred full personal protection equipment kits (69%) with a respirator (N95/FFP3), but in the case of unavailability, they used surgical masks and normal gowns. Regional/local anesthesia (70%) remained their choice for surgery to prevent the aerosolized risk of contaminations. Essential surgical follow-up with limited persons and visits was encouraged by 70% of the surgeons, whereas teleconsultation and telerehabilitation by 30% of the surgeons. Despite the protective equipment, one-third of the surgeons were afraid of getting infected and 56% feared of infecting their near and dear ones. Orthopaedic surgeons in private practice did face 50 to 75% financial loss and have to furlough 25% staff and 50% paramedical persons. Orthopaedics meetings were cancelled, and virtual meetings have become the preferred mode of sharing the knowledge and experiences avoiding human contacts. Staying at home, reading, and writing manuscripts became more interesting and an interesting lifestyle change is seen among the surgeons. Unanimously and without any doubt all accepted the fact that COVID-19 pandemic has reached an unprecedented level where personal hygiene, hand washing, social distancing, and safe surgical practices are the viable antidotes, and they have all slowly integrated these practices into their lives. Strict adherence to local authority recommendations and guidelines, uniform and standardized norms for admission, inpatient, and discharge, mandatory RT-PCR tests before surgery and in selective cases with CT scan chest, optimizing and regularizing the surgeries, avoiding and delaying nonemergency surgeries and follow-up protocols, use of teleconsultations cautiously, and working in close association with the World Health Organization and national health care systems will provide a conducive and safe working environment for orthopaedic surgeons and their fraternity and also will prevent the resurgence of COVID-19.

Venezuelan surgeons view concerning teaching human anatomical dissection.

Currently, the importance of human anatomical dissection have come under debate in many countries but there are not references in Venezuela on this concern. This survey's aim is to assess the insights of Venezuelan surgeons and their outlines of usage of human anatomical dissection in teaching and learning human anatomy. Sixty-five Venezuelan surgeons at the Centro Médico Docente La Trinidad completed an anonymous survey on current and future teaching practices in human anatomy. Eighty-nine point two three percent of surveyed (n=58) conferred importance to human anatomical dissection despite the arrival of new innovations in learning human anatomy. The group surveyed view human anatomical dissection-based teaching as the most beneficial method of teaching human anatomy and it should be bolstered in human anatomical education with matching use of three-dimensional computerized tomography imaging as a complementary form for teaching and learning.

Ole Worm (1588-1654) - anatomist and antiquarian

The main objective of this paper is to highlight the scientific life of Ole Worm (1588-1654), a Danish anatomist, who was an outstanding physician, but an antiquarian, historian, professor of pedagogy, Greek language and physics. He compiled a collection of various curiosities known as Museum Wormianum. He described accessory bones which occur within the skull, which are named Wormian bones after him

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Aristóteles: pionero en el estudio de la anatomía comparada / Aristotle: pioneer in the study of comparative anatomy

Aristóteles (384-322 a. n. e.); filosofo prodigioso, de amplios conocimientos, investigador incansable y enciclopédico, con sentido crítico y didáctico, resumió y abarco la sabiduría antigua, enriqueciéndola con sus valiosas observaciones, experiencias y descubrimientos, fundador de numerosos campos del saber universal entre ellos; el estudio de la Lógica, la Historia natural, la biología, la anatomía comparada, la zoología, la embriología, y la botánica.

Aristotle (384-322 b. c. e.), prodigious philosopher who possessed extensive encyclopedic knowledge, a tireless researcher with critical and didactic sense, summarized and spanned ancient wisdom, enriching it with his valuable observations, comments, and discoveries. He was the founder of numerous areas of universal knowledge, which included the study of logic, natural history, biology, comparative anatomy, zoology, embryology, and botany.

La labor docente en anatomía humana y en otras ciencias del Dr. José María Vargas / The educational work of Dr. José María Vargas in human anatomy and other sciences

José María Vargas (1786-1854), médico, cirujano, anatomista, obstetra, oculista, profesor, botánico, químico, dentista, geólogo, minerólogo y matemático. Este artículo destaca algunos aspectos de interés de su extensa y destacada labor en la actividad docente y científica. Primer Rector de la Universidad Central de Venezuela, reformó los estudios de Medicina, dictó clases de Anatomía humana, Cirugía y Química. Presidente de la Dirección General de Instrucción Pública, autor del Código de Instrucción Pública para Universidades y Academias en Venezuela.

José Maria Vargas (1786-1854): medical doctor, surgeon, anatomist, obstetrician optician, professor, botanist, chemist, dentistris, geologist, mineralogist and mathematician. This paper highlights some interesting aspects of his long and outstanding work in teaching and scientific activity. First republican dean reformed medicine studies at the Central University of Venezuela where he taught human anatomy, surgery and chemistry. President of the Directorate General of Education and author of the Code of Public Universities and Academies in Venezuela.

Henri Rouvière (1876-1952) French anatomist.

Henri Rouvière (1876-1952): medical doctor and professor of human anatomy at Paris University and Honorary Member of the French Academy of Medicine. He wrote important essays on human anatomy and related topics, including a Compendium of Anatomy and Dissection (1911), A Treatise on Descriptive, Topographical and Functional Anatomy (1921), an anatomy of the human lymphatic system (1932), General Anatomy, Original Forms and Anatomical Structures (1939).

André Latarjet (1877-1947). Anatomist and surgeon specialized in sports medicine.

André Latarjet (1877-1947), physician and surgeon, outstanding professor of anatomy, made important contributions to the study of human anatomy. He was the disciple and successor of Dr. Leo Testut and continued the diffusion of his work. He was a member of the French Academy of Medicine and President of the International Federation of Sports Medicine.

Rufus de éfeso (I d.C. ), médico y anatomista greco-romano / Rufus of ephesus (I a.C. ), medical doctor and greco-roman anatomist

Rufus de Éfeso (I d.C.), prominente médico-cirujano y anatomista greco-romano. Experto en anatomia, fisiología, observación clínica, cirugía y en el tratamiento de enfermedades, realizo hallazgos anatómicos y fisiológicos extraordinarios, entre otros permanecen conservados fragmentos de sus obras como: en la nomenclatura de las partes del cuerpo humano, en enfermedades del riñón y la vejiga, así como y en el interrogatorio del paciente.

Rufus of Ephesus (I a.C.), outstanding medical doctor, surgeon and greco-roman anatomist. Expert in anatomy, physiology, clinical observation, surgery and in treatment of the diseases, He realized extraordinary anatomical and physiological findings; among others remain conserved fragments of his works like: In nomenclature of the parts of the human body, In diseases of the kidney and the bladder, and In the interrogation of the patient.

Leo Testut (1849-1925)

Leo Testut (1849-1925), Profesor de Anatomía de la Facultad de Medicina de Lyon desde 1886 hasta 1919. Miembro de la Academia Francesa de Medicina y presidente de la Asociación Mundial de Anatomistas. Fundó y dirigió la "Revista Internacional de Anatomía y de Histología". Realizó más de 90 publicaciones sobre materias de anatomía, antropología e historia, destacándose su tratado de Anatomía Humana, publicado inicialmente en 1887 y de uso aún vigente como libro de texto y/o de consulta en muchas de las Facultades de Medicina de América Latina y de Europa.

Leo Testut (1849-1925), Professor of Anatomy of the Faculty of Medicine of Lyon since 1886 to 1919. Member of the French Academy of Medicine and president of the International Association of Anatomists. Testut founded and directed the ¨International Journal of Anatomy and Histology¨. He realized more than 90 publications on anatomy matters, anthropology and history, his outstanding work of Human Anatomy, first published in 1887 and even useful as textbook is used for consultation in many Medical Faculties of Latin America and Europe.

Marcello Malpighi (1628-1694), Founder of Microanatomy / Marcello Malpighi (1628-1694), Fundador de la Microanatomía

Marcello Malpighi, (1628-1694), Italian physician, anatomist, botanist, histologist and biologist developed methods to study living things by using the newly invented microscope to make a number of important discoveries about living tissue and structures, and initiated the science of microscopic anatomy. For almost 40 years he used the microscope to describe major types of plant and animal structures and, in doing so, discovered major areas of research in botany, embryology, human anatomy and pathology for future generations of biologists. He provided anatomical basis for eventual understanding of human physiological exchanges. Marcello Malpighi was the founder of microanatomy. Many microscopic anatomical structures are named after him: the basal layer, renal corpuscles, as well as insect excretory organs.

Marcelo Malpighi, (1628-1694), médico italiano, anatomista, botánico, histólogo y biólogo, usando el microscopio, recientemente inventado en esa época, desarrolló métodos para estudiar organismos vivos, con lo cual contribuyo al inicio del desarrollo de la ciencia de la anatomía microscópica. Por casi 40 años Malpighi utilizó el microscopio para describir los tipos principales de estructuras de algunas plantas y animales, facilitando el inicio de campos de investigación importantes en botánica, embriología, anatomía humana y patología. Marcelo Malpighi fue fundador de la anatomía microscópica. Muchas estructuras anatómicas microscópicas se nombran en su honor, como; la capa de Malpighi, los corpúsculos renales, así como los túbulos renales.

Anatomical dissection: a positive experience for Venezuelan first year medical students / Disección anatómica: una positiva experiencia para alumnos venezolanos de primer Año de medicina

An anonymous survey was handed out to 616 first year medical students of the José María Vargas School of Medicine of the Central University of Venezuela during the six academic years from 2002 and 2008, so that they answer it voluntarily after a cadaver dissection session, after the first unit of the practice syllabus of Gross Anatomy I had completed. The results of these surveys delivered to first year medical students report a positive response to their initial experience with a cadaver in the anatomical dissection room. In fact, the students described this initial experience as positive in a 52.22 percent, while 34,25 percent referred to it as very positive, 7.14 percent as stressing and only a 1.13 percent rated it as traumatic. In the case of only 13.63 percent of these students the anatomical dissection room was the most stressing aspect of the anatomy syllabus.

Una encuesta anónima fue distribuida entre 616 estudiantes de primer año de Medicina, de la Escuela de Medicina J.M. Vargas, de la Universidad Central de Venezuela, durante los seis años académicos comprendidos entre 2002 y 2008. Esta encuesta debía ser respondida de manera voluntaria, posterior a una práctica de disección de cadáveres, una vez transcurrida la primera unidad del temario práctico de Anatomía Normal I. Los resultados de esta encuesta, entre estudiantes del primer año de Medicina, indicaron que es positiva la respuesta a su encuentro inicial con un cadáver en la sala de disección anatómica. El 55,22 por ciento de los estudiantescalificaron este encuentro inicial como positivo; 34,25 por ciento como muy positivo; 7,14 por ciento estresante y, tan solo el 1,13 por ciento de los estudiantes lo calificó como traumático. Para el 13,63 por ciento de estos estudiantes la sala de disección anatómica constituía lo más estresante en la Cátedra de Anatomía.

Erasistratus de Ceos ( 310-250 A.C. ): pionero de los estudios anatómicos / Erasistratus of Ceos ( 310-250 A C ): pioneer of the anatomical studies

Erasistratus de Ceos (310-250 a.C.) es considerado uno de los precursores del estudio e investigación en el área anatómica, realizando las primeras disecciones junto con Herophilus su maestro, fundador de las Escuelas de Medicina y Anatomía de Alejandría. Realizó importantes aportes en el estudio y enseñanza de la neuroanatomía, entre otras disciplinas anatómicas.

Erasistratus of Ceos (310-250 b.C) is considered one of the precursors of study and research in the anatomical area, doing the first dissections along with Herophilus, their teacher, founder of the Schools of Medicine and Anatomy of Alexandria. He made important contributions in the study and teaching of neuroanatomy, among other anatomical disciplines.

Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564): Fundador de la Anatomía Humana Moderna / Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564): Founder of the Modern Human Anatomy

Andreas Vesalius, (Andries van Wesel), nació en Bruselas, Flandes, actual Bélgica, el 31 de diciembre de 1514. Estudió Medicina en las Universidades de Lovaina, Paris y Papua, donde se doctoró, graduándose magna cum laude, el 5 de diciembre de 1537, a los 23 años de edad; al día siguiente fue nombrado explicator chirugiae, el equivalente a una cátedra de Cirugía y Anatomía, en la misma Universidad. Durante sus demostraciones prácticas él mismo hacía sus disecciones anatómicas, en lugar de confiárselas a un cirujano, rompiendo con la tradición. Vesalio estudió y develó la Anatomía Humana más que todos sus predecesores al crear, en 1543, De humani corporisfabrica (Sobre la estructura del cuerpo humano), el cual puede considerarse como el primer tratado moderno de Anatomía, tanto por su claridad como por el rigor expositivo de sus contenidos y ha sido uno de los libros más influyentes sobre anatomía humana. Vesalio es considerado el fundador de la anatomía moderna por sus aportes significativos realizados en la enseñanza y aprendizaje de la anatomía humana. Posteriormente, siguiendo la tradición familiar, Vesalio fue requerido por el rey español Carlos V para que formara parte de su servicio médico; por tanto, marchó a Bruselas. Allí se casó, ejerció la medicina y continuó escribiendo. Luego se trasladó a Madrid donde, en 1556, obtuvo el título de Conde Palatino del Rey Felipe II, quien logró que le fuera conmutada la pena de muerte por haber iniciado una observación anatómica interna en un hombre vivo, por una peregrinación a Jerusalén, pero durante el viaje de regreso su barco naufragó cerca de la isla griega de Zante, a donde le arrastraron las aguas y en la que murió el 15 de octubre de 1564.

Andreas Vesalius, (Andries van Wesel), was born in Brussels, Flandes, present Belgium, 31 of December of 1514.He studied Medicine in the Universities of Lovaina, Paris and Papua,, graduating magna cum in December 5, 1537, to the 23 years of old; where he became explicator chirugiae equivalent to a chair of Surgery and the Anatomy. He teached in the university of Padua. During his practical demonstrations Vesalius broke with the tradition and does himself its anatomy dissections, instead of trusting to a surgeon; Vesalio studied more and reveal the Human Anatomy that all its predecessors when creating in 1543 De humani corporis fabrica (On the structure of the human body),this can be considered like the first modern treaty of anatomy, as much by his clarity as by the exposition of his contents and one of the most influential books on human anatomy, reason why Vesalius is considered the founder of the modern anatomy, by his significant contributions made in the education and learning of the Human Anatomy. Vesalius following the familiar tradition was required by Spanish King Carlos V and by his son Felipe II and marched to Brussels, where He married, and continue his practice of medicine,and his writing,He came to Spain,later. With King Felipe II's influence Vesalius exchanged the capital punishment to have initiated an internal anatomical observation in an alive man by a peregrination to Jerusalem, but during the return trip his boat was shipwrecked near the Greek island of Zante, and Vesalius died in October, 15, 1564.